The intolerance of uncertainty on state worry and state anxiety of college students with medium and low trait anxiety / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) on state worry, state anxiety, and galvanic skin response in college students with medium and low trait anxiety.Methods:The trait anxiety inventory (TAI) and the intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS) were used to investigate 1 378 college students in Beijing. A total of 537 individuals with medium or low trait anxiety (TAI score ≤54) were selected, from which high IU individuals (IUS score ≤58) and low IU individuals (IUS score > 58) were selected and allocated to uncertain group ( n=28) and certain group ( n=28) according to gender, age, education level and IU score. The modified NPU paradigm task, the penn state worry questionnaire(PSWQ)and the brief state anxiety measurement(BSAM) were used to assess the subjects' worry and anxiety.The galvanic skin response of individuals completing the NPU paradigm task was recorded.SPSS 26.0 was used for a two factor analysis of variance (classification: high IU, low IU; group: uncertain group, certain group). Results:The results of the two factor analysis of variance showed that the interaction between individual state anxiety classification and group was not significant( F(1, 55)=0.05, P>0.05, η2=2.16). The main effect of classification was significant( F(1, 55)=24.17, P<0.05, η2=1143.01). The anxiety level of individuals with high IU was significantly lower than that of individuals with low IU( P<0.05). The group main effect was not significant( F(1, 55)=0.03, P>0.05, η2=1.45), and there was no significant difference between the uncertainty group and the certainty group in terms of worry( P>0.05). The interaction between individual state anxiety classification and group was significant ( F(1, 55)=4.38, P<0.05, η2=3.02). The simple analysis results showed that in the uncertain group, the state anxiety of individuals with high IU was significantly lower than that of individuals with low IU ( P<0.05). In the certain group, there was no significant difference in state anxiety between individuals with high and low IU ( P>0.05). The interaction between individual galvanic skin response classification and group was not significant ( F(1, 55)=0.03, P>0.05, η2=0.00). The classification main effect was not significant( F(1, 55)=0.07, P>0.05, η2=0.00), and there was no significant difference in skin electrical activity between individuals with high and low IU ( P>0.05). But the main effect of the group was significant( F(1, 55)=4.86, P<0.05, η2=0.03). The skin electrical activity of the uncertain group was higher than that of the certain group( P<0.05). Conclusion:In the college students with medium and low trait anxiety, IU is an effective predictor of individual state worry and state anxiety under uncertain conditions.

Self-reported interoception, worries and protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study

Abstract Background Protective behaviors were essential for minimizing the spread of the virus during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is often assumed that awareness of bodily sensations (interoception) can improve decision-making and facilitate adaptive behavior. Objective This paper investigates cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between different aspects of self-reported interoception, trait anxiety, COVID-related worry, and health protective behaviors. Methods The study was conducted on a community sample of 265 adults. The two data collection phases took place online, before (baseline) and during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary. Results Contrary to our expectations, neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal associations were found between protective behaviors and indicators of self-reported interoception. However, worry at baseline predicted protective behaviors during the second wave, even after controlling for socio-economical characteristics and protective behaviors at baseline. Conclusion Our results highlight the adaptivity of health-related worry when behavioral steps to avoid threats are known and available. Also, higher level of perceived interoception did not appear to be health protective under these circumstances.

Meta-worry, anxiety, and depression in the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Brazil, June 2020 / Metapreocupación, ansiedad y depresión en la pandemia de coronavirus (COVID-19): Brasil, junio de 2020

Abstract Introduction Threats to mental health and psychological well-being have been considered among the most challenging dimensions to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective To track the occurrence of significant anxiety and depression symptoms and the level of worry among residents in Brazil in June 2020. Method The final sample totaled 4,805 participants from all Brazilian states. A sociodemographic and health questionnaire (with questions related to COVID-19), the translated versions of the Meta-Worry Questionnaire, and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) were used. Inferential analyses were computed using the Multinomial Logistic Regression (backward stepwise) in which the PHQ-4 findings were stratified into four categories: no symptoms, only anxiety symptoms, only depression symptoms, and both symptoms. Results Research findings have shown that there are characteristics that predict greater exposure to significant symptoms of anxiety and depression (gender, age, and level of worry), with level of worry being the variable with the greatest impact on the model. Discussion and conclusion These data found during the COVID-19 pandemic intra-crisis period allow for early prediction of the negative outcomes associated with the pandemic, such as common mental disorders, and allocating interventions to help people to rationally deal with the stress related to this moment, regulating their emotions, and improving their overall mental health.

Resumen Introducción Las amenazas a la salud mental y el bienestar psicológico se han considerado entre las dimensiones más desafiantes de abordar en la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo Rastrear la ocurrencia de síntomas significativos de ansiedad y depresión y el nivel de preocupación entre los residentes en Brasil en junio de 2020. Método La muestra final totalizó 4,805 participantes de todos los estados brasileños. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de salud (con preguntas relacionadas con el COVID-19), las versiones traducidas del Cuestionario Meta-Preocupación y el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente de 4 ítems (PHQ-4). Los análisis inferenciales se calcularon utilizando la regresión logística multinomial (backward stepwise) en la que los hallazgos de PHQ-4 se estratificaron en cuatro categorías: sin síntomas, solo síntomas de ansiedad, solo síntomas de depresión y ambos síntomas. Resultados Los hallazgos de la investigación han demostrado que existían características que predecían una mayor exposición a síntomas significativos de ansiedad y depresión (género, edad y nivel de preocupación), siendo el nivel de preocupación la variable de mayor impacto en el modelo. Discusión y conclusión Los datos finales permiten la predicción temprana de los resultados negativos asociados con la pandemia, como los trastornos mentales comunes, y la asignación de intervenciones para ayudar a las personas a enfrentar racionalmente el estrés relacionado con este momento mediante una regulación de sus emociones y un mejoramiento de su salud mental.

Relationships between worry and depressive symptoms during two group therapies for generalized anxiety disorder / A inter-relação entre preocupações e sintomas depressivos em adultos com ansiedade generalizada

OBJECTIVE: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic and disabling disorder associated with various impairments and shows a significant prevalence in the worldwide and Brazilian populations. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship of two symptoms relevant to the disorder (worry and depressive symptoms) in the context of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) by using a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) analysis. METHODS: A total of 92 adult patients with GAD were randomized to receive ten sessions of either acceptance­based group behavioral therapy (ABBT) or nondirective supportive group therapy (NDST). Treatment had four time-point measures. Worries were measured using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and depression was measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-D). RESULTS: The NDST model revealed significant paths from worry to depression (first wave) and from depression to worry (second wave). There was no other significant cross-lagged effect. These data show that there was an influence between symptoms only during one of the treatment groups, and without a homogeneous and constant pattern in any of the cross-lagged routes. CONCLUSION: A supportive group psychotherapy potentially interferes with the pattern of the direct relationship between worries and depressive symptoms in adults with GAD.

OBJETIVO: O transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) é um diagnóstico crônico e incapacitante, associado a diversos prejuízos e com relevante prevalência na população mundial e na brasileira. Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar a relação longitudinal de duas manifestações relevantes para o transtorno (preocupação e sintomas depressivos), utilizando uma análise cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) por meio de dados de um ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR). MÉTODOS: Um total de 92 pacientes adultos com TAG foi randomizado para duas psicoterapias em grupo: terapia comportamental baseada em aceitação (TCBA) ou terapia de apoio não diretiva (TAND). Cada grupo teve duração de 10 sessões, distribuídas em 14 semanas. O tratamento teve quatro tempos de medida: linha de base, meio do tratamento, pós-tratamento e seguimento de três meses. As variáveis investigadas foram: preocupações, medidas pelo Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), e sintomas depressivos, medidos pela Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-D). Os modelos CLMP foram gerados pelo programa Mplus. RESULTADOS: O modelo do grupo TAND revelou duas rotas significativas: preocupação para sintomas depressivos (primeira onda) e sintomas depressivos para preocupação (segunda onda). Não houve outro efeito cross-lagged que obteve significância estatística. Esses dados mostram que houve influência alternada entre os sintomas somente durante o período de um dos dois tratamentos testados, configurando um padrão heterogêneo das rotas cross-lagged. CONCLUSÃO: A psicoterapia suportiva em grupo potencialmente interfere no padrão da relação direta entre preocupação e sintomas depressivos em adultos com TAG.

Mental health distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: Need for psychological intervention

Background: The world began to realise the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January 2020, and since then the number of people infected has exceeded 1 million globally. In less than 1 month following the first reported case in Nigeria, over 180 people had tested positive to the disease. Studies have shown that such rapidly spreading infectious diseases have the potential to create widespread fear, apprehension, panic and anxiety amongst the general public. Aim: This study aimed at evaluating the impact of information dissemination and public mental healthcare needs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. It also hopes to determine if there is an unmet need for telepsychiatry in Nigeria. Setting: Community-based study covering the North, South and West of Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study using an on-line survey form via the snowballing sampling method. Results: Social media was identified as the main source of information concerning COVID-19, and half of the respondents opined that information dissemination was inadequate. Psychological distress was present in 90.5% of the participants and 61.8% admitted that this distress was worsened by fake news and myths concerning COVID-19. However, 53.8% of the participants were willing to access mental healthcare services, with telepsychiatry being the preferred choice. Conclusion: There is a need to implement a national public mental health service during this emergency. Telepsychiatry has numerous advantages in this context and maybe an opportunity to roll out a novel means of delivering mental healthcare.

Worry and perceived risk of contagion during the COVID-19 quarantine in the Jalisco population: Preliminary Study / Preocupación y riesgo de contagio percibido durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 en población jalisciense: estudio preliminar

Abstract Introduction Preventive measures taken during periods of health crisis, specifically in pandemics, have consistently been associated with detrimental effects on mental health. Isolation and loneliness are indirect effects of these preventive measures. Given these premises, monitoring the behavior of the population in the face of these eventualities becomes important. Worry as an indirect measure of anxiety and stress enables one to recognize subjects who are vulnerable to phenomena of high uncertainty, since measures taken to avoid excessive contagion can have high costs for this population. This phenomenon has been consistently observed in other pandemics such as H1/N1 influenza. Objective To determine the prevalence of worry and perceived risk of contagion in the Guadalajara population during the COVID-19 quarantine and to identify differentiating effects. Method A total of 255 people from western Mexico (Guadalajara, Jalisco) voluntarily participated by answering the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) adapted to Mexican population. The average age of the respondents, aged between 18 and 70 years, was 31.71 (± 5.19). A total of 170 women and 85 men participated in the study. Results 40.12% of the population scored high levels of worry, making them vulnerable to mental health conditions. Subjects favored the prevention of a contagion regardless of whether they were self-isolated. The only variable that had a differential effect was sex (p < .05), and there were no differences in educational attainment, occupational demandingness, and isolation between the groups. Discussion and conclusion A preventive attitude was observed among the participants, and so it is important to implement strategies that will prevent mental health costs in those who express excessive worry to avoid saturating mental health services.

Resumen Introducción Las medidas preventivas tomadas durante periodos de crisis de salud, específicamente en las pandemias, se han asociado constantemente a efectos perjudiciales en la salud mental. El aislamiento y la soledad son efectos indirectos de estas medidas preventivas. Dadas estas premisas, monitorear la conducta de la población ante estas eventualidades cobra importancia. La preocupación como medida indirecta de la ansiedad y el estrés puede permitir reconocer aquellos sujetos que se encuentren en una situación de vulnerabilidad ante fenómenos de alta incertidumbre, por lo que las medidas tomadas para evitar contagios excesivos pueden tener un costo alto para dicha población. Este fenómeno se ha observado consistentemente en otras pandemias como la de la influenza H1/N1. Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de preocupación y riesgo de contagio percibido en población tapatía durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 e identificar efectos diferenciadores. Método Un total de 255 personas del occidente de México (Guadalajara, Jalisco) participaron voluntariamente contestando el Cuestionario de Preocupación del Pensilvania (PWSQ) adaptado a la población mexicana. La edad promedio fue de 31.71 (± 5.19) de entre los 18 y los 70 años. Un total de 170 mujeres y 85 hombres participaron en la encuesta. Resultados El 40.12% de la población alcanzó puntajes altos de preocupación, que los vuelven vulnerables a los padecimientos de salud mental. Se expresaron datos favorables en pro de la prevención de un contagio independientemente de si se estaba en situación de aislamiento o no. Por otro lado, la única variable que tuvo un efecto diferencial fue la del sexo (p < .05), mientras que la escolaridad, la exigencia ocupacional y el aislamiento no mostraron diferencias entre grupos. Discusión y conclusión Se observa una actitud de prevención en los participantes; es importante realizar estrategias que eviten que haya costes a razón de la salud mental en aquellos que muestra preocupación excesiva para evitar la saturación de los servicios de salud mental.

Psychological Impact of COVID 19 on the Amount of Perceived Stress among College Students Studying across Various Streams in India during the Period of Lockdown

Humans have evolved and adapted as a social being and it has ensured the survival of all. The novel corona virus, COVID 19 has impacted the psychosocial functioning of billions of people around the world. The various impacts it might have on different categories of people over a period of time is one of the main concerns of the World Health Organisation. College students are vulnerable and are more prone to psychological problems due to the prolonged stress experienced by them during this period of uncertainty and social isolation. We wanted to analyse the level of perceived stress among college students in India and the impact of this sudden break in studies and social distancing has on them. We also wanted to study the number of mental setbacks the college students experience because of their financial situation and their future job prospects during this lockdown. METHODSAn online survey was conducted among the college students in India. A total of 775 responses were analysed for the level of perceived stress using the perceived stress scale. The psychological impact caused by the lockdown was analysed through statements regarding the amount of worry they felt across various aspects of their life such as economic stability, missing friends during lockdown, use of mobile phone for connecting with people, continuation of education and impact of Covid 19 on future job prospects. RESULTSCollege students were experiencing significant amount of stress as measured by the perceived stress (PS) scale with 11.5 % experiencing high stress and 81.2 % students experiencing moderate amount of stress. The perceived stress was found to be significantly associated with worry regarding education, job prospects being affected by the Covid 19 situation and the reduction of time spent with their peers. CONCLUSIONSCollege students are experiencing moderate to high level of stress in the context of the pandemic situation and preventive and protective measures have to be taken by the college administration to address these issues. More targeted assessments needs to be done in colleges to assess the mental health of its student population and protective measures like counselling services should be made to vulnerable students as they try to handle the stress associated with the current pandemic situation.

Psychometric properties of the Brazilian Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale - Short Version (IUS-12)

Abstract Introduction The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale - Short Version (IUS-12) is a measure of trait intolerance of uncertainty. Objective The purpose of the present study was to conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the IUS-12 for use in Brazil and to investigate the scale's psychometric properties. Methods The research was conducted via an online research platform with a sample (n = 704; 80.1% female and 19.9% male) from different states in all five regions of Brazil. Participants were adults between 18 and 59 years of age (mean = 26.74; standard deviation = 8.36) who completed the Brazilian version of the IUS-12 online along with other anxiety-related measures. Results Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the original two-dimensional structure fit the sample well. The total score for the scale had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha [α] = 0.88), as did both subscales (i.e. Prospective IU α = 0.79; Inhibitory IU α = 0.86). Conclusions The results demonstrated strong positive correlations with measures of anxiety-related constructs, contributing to the transdiagnostic understanding of IU. The IUS-12 appears to be a useful tool for assessment of IU and its availability has several implications of theoretical importance and practical utility for understanding of psychopathology and uncertainty.

Social influences in a model of body dissatisfaction, weight worry and bodily discomfort in Mexican women / Influencias sociales en un modelo de insatisfacción corporal, preocupación por el peso y malestar corporal en mujeres mexicanas

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the explanatory level of the variables advertising influence, verbal messages, social models and social situations as regards body dissatisfaction, weight worry, and bodily discomfort. The study was conducted in a convenience sample of 206 Mexican women with an average age of 22.12 years (SD = 4.21). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on the dependent ones in three hypothetical models proposed. In the case of the model proposed for body dissatisfaction, it was found that the set of vari ables had 79% of variance explained and showed adequate goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/gl = .877; GFI = .982; CFI = .978; AGFI = .980; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .079). The model for weight worry had 62% of variance explained and an acceptable goodness of fit (χ2/gl = 1.556; GFI = .981; CFI = .975; AGFI = .978; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .080). Finally, the model for bodily discomfort had 72% of variance explained and showed adequate goodness of fit (χ2/gl = .173; GFI = .976; CFI = .969; AGFI = .972; SRMR = .062; RMSEA = .072). It is concluded that social influences have a significant impact on body image. Verbal messages had the strongest impact on the variables studied.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el grado explicativo de las variables "influencia de la publicidad", "mensajes verbales", "modelos sociales" y "situaciones sociales" frente a la insatisfacción corporal, la preocupación por el peso y el malestar corporal en una muestra seleccionada por conveniencia de 206 mujeres mexicanas con promedio de edad de 22.12 años (DT = 4.21). Específicamente, se utilizó un modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales para identificar los efectos directos e indirectos de las variables independientes sobre las dependientes en tres modelos hipotéticos propuestos, y como resultados se encontró que el conjunto de variables tuvo un valor explicativo de 79 % para el modelo planteado para la insatisfacción corporal, con buenos indicadores de bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = .877; GFI = .982; CFI = .978; AGFI = .980; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .079); de 62 % para el modelo de preocupación por el peso, con una adecuada bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = 1.556; GFI = .981; CFI = .975; AGFI = .978; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .080); y de 72 % para el modelo de malestar corporal, con buenos valores de bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = .173; GFI = .976; CFI = .969; AGFI = .972; SRMR = .062; RMSEA = .072). Se concluye que las influencias sociales tienen un impacto significativo en la imagen corporal y que los mensajes verbales presentan un mayor impacto en las variables estudiadas.

Validity and Reliability of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 Questionnaire

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 (CAS-1) questionnaire. METHODS: 221 participants were included in the study who do not meet any psychiatric diagnosis. Participants were applied SCID I and II and filled CAS-1 scale, Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale, and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Testing the reliability Cronbach’s alpha, item analysis and Item and total score correlation coefficients were applied. For testing structural validity, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used, and for testing the content validity, the relationship between each item of CAS-1 and MCQ-30, BDI, BAI, GAD-7, PSWQ was examined. RESULTS: The correlation reliability coefficients were statistically significant except for using alcohol/drugs as a coping mechanism. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 16 items was 0.771 whereas, this ratio was 0.772 for the first eight items (CAS) and 0.685 for the last eight items (Metacognitive Beliefs) which showed that the internal consistency of CAS-1 was high. Structural and Content Validity of the scale was significant. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the CAS-1 was a reliable and valid measure to evaluate CAS in a Turkish population.

Rumination, worry and negative problem orientation: transdiagnostic processes of anxiety, eating behavior and mood disorders / Ruminação, preocupação e orientação negativa ao problema: processos transdiagnósticos [RD1] dos transtornos de ansiedade, do comportamento alimentar e do humor / Rumiación, preocupación y orientación negativa al problema: procesos transdiagnósticos de los trastornos de ansiedad, de la conducta alimentaria y del estado de ánimo

Abstract This research presents the relationship between the cognitive processes of negative problem orientation, trait worry and rumination, with anxious and depressive symptomatology and difficulties in eating behavior. The study was conducted with a non-clinical and intentional sample of 176 adults from the island of Tenerife. Data were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-square coefficient, Student's t, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regressions. Results confirm that negative problem orientation and trait worry are transdiagnostic factors for panic symptoms and agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and behavioral eating, whereas brooding is a transdiagnostic factor for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and behavioral eating. Reflection has a relationship with social phobia. Results are discussed on the basis of the theoretical model of social phobia and posttraumatic stress. Future investigation on brooding and reflection according to the theory of cognitive avoidance is proposed.

Resumo Este estudo apresenta as relações existentes entre os processos cognitivos de orientação negativa ao problema, preocupação e ruminação, com a sintomatologia ansiosa, depressiva e a presente em dificuldades no comportamento alimentar. Utilizou-se uma amostra não clínica e intencionada de 176 pessoas adultas da ilha de Tenerife (Espanha[RD2] ). Os dados foram analisados mediante o coeficiente de Qui-quadrado de Pearson (c2), o t de Student, o coeficiente de correlação r de Pearson e regressões hierárquicas. Constata-se que a orientação negativa ao problema e a preocupação são transdiagnósticos para os sintomas de agorafobia e pânico, ansiedade generalizada, fobia social e controle da comida; enquanto a rejeição é comum à sintomatologia depressiva, ao estresse pós-traumático e ao regime. A fobia social também se relaciona com o processo reflexivo. Os resultados são discutidos a partir do [RD3] modelo teórico da fobia social e do estresse pós-traumático, e propõe-se a pesquisa futura das rejeições e da reflexão, atendendo à teoria da evitação cognitiva.

Resumen Este estudio presenta las relaciones existentes entre los procesos cognitivos de orientación negativa al problema, preocupación y rumiación, con la sintomatologia ansiosa, depresiva y la presente en dificultades en la conducta alimentaria. Se utilizó una muestra no clínica e intencionada de 176 personas adultas de la isla de Tenerife. Los datos se analizan mediante el coeficiente de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson (x2), la t de Student, el coeficiente de correlación r de Pearson y regresiones jerárquicas. Se constata que la orientación negativa al problema y la preocupación son transdiagnósticos para los síntomas de agorafobia y pánico, ansiedad generalizada, fobia social y control de la comida; mientras que los reproches son comunes a la sintomatología depresiva, el estrés postraumático y la dieta, y que la fobia social también se relaciona con el proceso reflexivo. Los resultados se discuten a partir el modelo teórico de la fobia social y el estrés postraumático, y se propone la investigación futura de los reproches y la reflexión, atendiendo a la teoría de la evitación cognitiva.

Reducing anxiety, geriatric depression and worry in a sample of older adults through a mindfulness training program / Reducción de la ansiedad, la depresión geriátrica y la preocupación en una muestra de adultos mayores a través de un programa de entrenamiento en mindfulness

This study aimed to analyze the effects of a mindfulness training program on anxiety, worry, and geriatric depression in a sample of older adults. A randomized controlled trial with pretest-posttest measurements was used on an experimental group (n = 42) and a control group (waiting list; n = 45). Participants in the experimental group completed the Short Cognitive Examination, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Analyses showed significantly stronger reductions in geriatric depression, anxiety and worry in the experimental group than in the control group, confirming the effectiveness of mindfulness techniques in reducing these conditions and, especially, for the trait-worry variable, followed by important changes in anxiety, depression and meta-worry. This is one of the few studies examining the effects of mindfulness training in the elderly. Results are especially noteworthy because traits are quite resistant to change. Implications for future research and intervention are underlined.

Se analizan los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento en mindfulness en la ansiedad, la preocupación y la depresión en una muestra de adultos mayores en este estudio controlado y aleatorizado con medidas pretrest-posttest con un grupo experimental (n = 42) y control (lista de espera; n = 42). El grupo experimental completó el Mini-Examen cognitivo, el Inventario de Preocupación de Pensilvania, y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica. Se obtuvieron mayores reducciones significativas en este grupo comparado con el grupo control, confirmándose la efectividad de las técnicas de mindfulness en la reducción de estos transtornos y, especialmente, en la variable preocupación de rasgo, seguida de importantes cambios en ansiedad, depresión y metapreocupación. Este es uno de los pocos estudios que examinan los efectos del entrenamiento en mindfulness en la tercera edad. Los resultados son especialmente importantes porque los rasgos son resistentes al cambio. Se destacan implicaciones para la investigación futura e intervención.

Características básicas do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada / Basic features of generalized anxiety disorder

Este texto é dirigido à alunos de graduação com o objetivo de caracterizar o Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (TAG) com ênfase em seu diagnóstico e tratamento. O TAG é um dos transtornos psiquiá- tricos mais subdiagnosticados. Caracteriza-se por preocupação persistente e excessiva acompanhada de sintomas físicos relacionados a hiperatividade autonômica e a tensão muscular. Apresenta comorbidade frequente com depressão e outros transtornos de ansiedade. A abordagem psicoterápica, num sentido amplo, deve ser prioritária no tratamento desse distúrbio e o tratamento farmacológico, quando indicado, não deve ser a única opção terapêutica. (AU)

This text is addressed to medical undergraduate students with aim to characterize Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) with emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. GAD is one of the most psychiatric disorders under-diagnosed. The main characteristic of GAD is persistent and excessive worry accompanied by physical symptoms related to autonomic hyperactivity and muscle tension. The comorbidity with depression and other anxiety disorders is frequently. The psychotherapeutic approach, in a wide sense, must be a priority in the treatment of this disease and, when indicated, the pharmacological treatment should not be the only therapeutic option. (AU)

Worry about ill consequences in cancer patients and its relationship with depression / 重庆医学

Objective To understand the worry situation about ill consequences in cancer patients and its relationship with depression.Methods The inpatients with cancer were extracted from 4 general hospitals of Wuhan and Beijing city by the cluster sampling.The self-designed questionnaires were adopted to survey the worry situation about ill consequences in cancer patients.The self-rating depression scale (SDS) was used to assess the patients' depression status.Results A total of 485 cancer patients were surveyed,including 204 males (42.1 ％),281 females(57.9 ％),and the mean age was (56.59 ± 11.19)years old.More than half of the patients usually or always worried about medical expenses.Worries about not taking care of their children,losing their lives,physical disability,leaving sequela and losing life ability also happened a lot.Patients worried more about losing their life,the possibility appearing depression was greater (P＜0.05).The younger the patients were,the greater the depression possibility was;the company staffs had lower risk of depression compared with those whose occupation was others (P＜0.05).Conclusion Cancer patients have different degrees of worries about ill consequences such as medical expenses,not taking care of their children and losing their lives and their worries about losing their lives could affect their depression status.

Worry about ill consequences in cancer patients and its relationship with depression / 重庆医学

Objective To understand the worry situation about ill consequences in cancer patients and its relationship with depression.Methods The inpatients with cancer were extracted from 4 general hospitals of Wuhan and Beijing city by the cluster sampling.The self-designed questionnaires were adopted to survey the worry situation about ill consequences in cancer patients.The self-rating depression scale (SDS) was used to assess the patients' depression status.Results A total of 485 cancer patients were surveyed,including 204 males (42.1 ％),281 females(57.9 ％),and the mean age was (56.59 ± 11.19)years old.More than half of the patients usually or always worried about medical expenses.Worries about not taking care of their children,losing their lives,physical disability,leaving sequela and losing life ability also happened a lot.Patients worried more about losing their life,the possibility appearing depression was greater (P＜0.05).The younger the patients were,the greater the depression possibility was;the company staffs had lower risk of depression compared with those whose occupation was others (P＜0.05).Conclusion Cancer patients have different degrees of worries about ill consequences such as medical expenses,not taking care of their children and losing their lives and their worries about losing their lives could affect their depression status.

Study on the Relationship between Cancer Information Receiving and Worry at Abroad and the Enlightenment / 医学信息学杂志

The paper briefly introduces the research on the relationship between relevant information query behaviors and the cancer worry at abroad,analyzes the relationship between active information retrieval/passive information receiving and cancer worry behaviors,points out the specific influence of health information on the health behaviors of people,and provides some opinions and suggestions for how to normalize and improve the network information environment and promote good development of the medical health industry.

Relationship between Cancer Worries and Breast Cancer Screening with and without Family History among Korean Women / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: Women with family history of breast cancer are more likely to be worried about having cancer and participate in breast cancer screening. However, few studies have examined relationship between family history, cancer worries, and participating in breast cancer screening in Korea. This study is to identify relationship between family history, cancer worries, and participating in breast cancer screening among women with and without family history of cancer. METHODS: Respondents were 2,364 women who based on the 2013 Korean National Cancer Screening Survey which is done by National Cancer Center in Korea. Chi-square tests were performed to determine differences of cancer worries, undergoing of breast cancer screening and methods such as mammogram and ultrasonogram with and without cancer family history. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were performed to identify if family history and cancer worries are related factors on participating in breast cancer screening and methods. Stratified analysis was performed to confirm the effect of ultrasonogram on the dense breast by age. RESULTS: Women with cancer family history frequently checked condition for conscious of having cancer (p=0.0299) and had highly perception of risk about having cancer in the future (p≤0.0001). Women aged 30–49 did not perform significantly more ultrasonogram than women aged over 50 years old. Checking condition (moderate odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–2.08; frequently OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.08–1.76) and perception of risk (moderate OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.06–7.06; high OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.20–8.08) were related to participate in mammogram and ultrasonogram. A positive family history was related to 1.35 higher odds of performing only breast ultrasonogram (95% CI, 1.04–1.75). CONCLUSION: This study requires national education and publicity to reduce the unnecessary cost of screening, to be possible cost effective screening and to encourage women to receive more mammogram, especially women aged over 50 years old and with socioeconomic factors related to opportunistic screening.

Public Perceptions on Cancer Incidence and Survival: A Nation-wide Survey in Korea / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the public perceptions of the incidence rates and survival rates for common cancers with the actual rates from epidemiologic data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a survey of Korean adults without history of cancer (n=2,000). The survey consisted of questions about their perceptions regarding lifetime incidence rates and 5-year survival rates for total cancer, as well as those of eight site-specific cancers. To investigate associated factors, we included questions about cancer worry (Lerman's Cancer Worry Scale) or cared for a family member or friend with cancer as a caregiver. RESULTS: Only 19% of Korean adults had an accurate perception of incidence rates compared with the epidemiologic data on total cancer. For specific cancers, most of the respondents overestimated the incidence rates and 10%-30% of men and 6%-18% of women had an accurate perception. A high score in "cancer worry" was associated with higher estimates of incidence rates in total and specific cancers. In cancers with high actual 5-year survival rates (e.g., breast and thyroid), the majority of respondents underestimated survival rates. However, about 50% of respondents overestimated survival rates in cancers with low actual survival rates (e.g., lung and liver). There was no factor consistently associated with perceived survival rates. CONCLUSION: Widespread discrepancies were observed between perceived probability and actual epidemiological data. In order to reduce cancer worry and to increase health literacy, communication and patient education on appropriate risk is needed.

Insomnia: psychological and neurobiological aspects and non-pharmacological treatments / Insonia: aspectos psicologicos e neurobiologicos e tratamentos nao farmacologicos

Insomnia involves difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep or having refreshing sleep. This review gathers the existing informations seeking to explain insomnia, including those that focus on psychological aspects and those considered neurobiological. Insomnia has been defined in psychological (cognitive components, such as worries and rumination, and behavioral aspects, such as classic conditioning) and physiological terms (increased metabolic rate, with increased muscle tone, heart rate and temperature). From the neurobiological point of view, there are two perspectives: one which proposes that insomnia occurs in association with a failure to inhibit wakefulness and another that considers hyperarousal as having an important role in the physiology of sleep. The non-pharmacological interventions developed to face different aspects of insomnia are presented.

Insônia é um transtorno que envolve dificuldade em dormir, em manter-se dormindo ou em ter um sono restaurador. Esta revisão reúne informações que buscam explicar a insônia, incluindo aquelas que estudam os aspectos psicológicos e os neurobiológicos. A insônia tem sido definida em termos psicológicos (componentes cognitivos, tais como preocupações e ruminação e aspectos comportamentais, tais como o condicionamento clássico) e em termos fisiológicos (taxa metabólica aumentada, com tônus muscular, frequência cardíaca e temperatura aumentados). Do ponto de vista neurobiológico, há duas perspectivas: uma propondo que a insônia ocorre em associação com uma falha na inibição da vigília e outra que considera o hiperalerta como tendo um papel importante na fisiologia do sono. São apresentadas também as estratégias não farmacológicas desenvolvidas para lidar com os diferentes aspectos da insônia.

Validation of the "Anxious Thoughts Inventory" for use in Brazil / Validação do "Anxious Thoughts Inventory" para o uso no Brasil / Validación del "Anxious Thoughts Inventory" para su uso en Brasil

Worry is a cognitive process in the form of intrusive, repetitive negative thoughts referring to a future event. We adapted and validated the Anxious Thoughts Inventory (AnTI) for use in Brazil, and tested its correlations to the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and the Rumination and Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ). 276 Brazilian undergraduates answered all measures. Factor analysis evinced three domains: environmental, own-body and meta-cognitive. Good internal consistency (.86) was detected and positive correlations were found with all measures. The Brazilian version of the AnTI (Inventário de Pensamentos Ansiosos - IPAn) is presented as a valid and reliable measure for use with Brazilian samples, useful in clinical and experimental applications. Further studies are encouraged in order to strengthen the validation process as well as provide useful data on anxious thoughts related to other health variables...

A preocupação é um processo cognitivo na forma de pensamentos intrusivos, negativos e repetitivos referentes a um evento futuro. Neste estudo, validou-se o Anxious Thoughts Inventory (AnTI) para uso no Brasil e foram testadas suas correlações com: Inventário Beck de Ansiedade, o Inventário Beck de Depressão, Penn State Worry Questionnaire e Questionário de Ruminação e Reflexão. 276 universitários responderam às medidas. A análise fatorial evidenciou três domínios: ambiental, corporal e meta-cognitivo. Os resultados apontam boa consistência interna da versão adaptada (0,86) e correlações positivas com todas medidas avaliadas. A versão brasileira do AnTI (Inventário de Pensamentos Ansiosos - IPAN) é apresentada como uma medida válida e confiável para uso com amostras brasileiras, útil em aplicações clínicas e experimentais. Mais estudos são incentivados a fim de fortalecer o processo de validação, bem como fornecer dados úteis sobre pensamentos ansiosos relacionados a outras variáveis de saúde...

La preocupación es un proceso cognitivo en forma de pensamientos intrusivos negativos y repetitivos que se refieren a un evento futuro. Hemos adaptado el Anxious Thoughts Inventory (AnTI) para su uso en Brasil y probamos sus correlaciones con: Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI), Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI), Cuestionario de Preocupación Penn State (PSWQ) y Cuestionario de Reflexión y Rumiación (QRR). 276 estudiantes brasileños respondieron las medidas. El análisis factorial reveló tres dominios: corporal, ambiental y meta-cognitivo. Se detectó una buena consistencia interna de la versión adaptada (0,86) y se encontraron correlaciones positivas con todas las medidas evaluadas. La versión brasileña de AnTI (Inventário de Pensamentos Ansiosos - IPAn) se presenta como una medida válida para uso con muestras brasileñas, útil en aplicaciones clínicas y experimentales. Se alienta a más estudios para fortalecer el proceso de validación, así como proporcionar datos útiles sobre los pensamientos de ansiedad relacionados con otras variables de salud...